History Department at UKZN

UMLANDO.
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS
TO LIBERATION PROCESSES IN PRE- AND POST-COLONIAL SOUTHERN AFRICA. Indigenous Knowledge Systems

- Notes on Oral-History: 1996 -

Ben Khumalo-Seegelken

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 “What more is there to write about?”

1.2 History: `Biography of great men?´, interpretative narration on selected episodes or neither nor? Towards a phenomenological approach in writing and reading history.

1.3 Oral and written sources re-examined

1.4 Individual and collective contributions in local and regional perspective

1.5 Some methodical premises

2. PRE- AND POST-COLONIAL LIBERATION PROCESSES: I
2.1 Hunter-gather societies in the last two thousand years

2.2 Hunter-herder societies and inter-group relationships

2.3 Restructuring and Assertion

2.3.1 The `Ancozes´(1552/54), `Ancosses´(1593) and the pre-colonial `amakhosi´

2.3.2 Economic and Political Entities: Rise and Fall

2.3.2.1 Amambo (1570) and the Vambe (1589)

2.3.2.2 AmaNtungwa-Nguni and their neighbours

2.3.2.3 AmaZulu and their neighbours (1809)

2.3.2.4 AmaXhosa and their neighbours (1593)

2.3.2.5 AmaMpondo and their neighbours

2.3.2.6 AbaThembu and their neighbours

2.3.2.7 Mzilikazi, Mpangazitha and Matiwane (1822)

2.3.2.8 The Tlokwa, the Phuthing and the Taung

2.3.2.9 The Kgalagadi/Fokeng, the Rolong/Thlaping (the “Brijckje”) and the Hurutshe (1616)

2.3.3 Epidemics and Catastrophes: Endeavours and Strategies

2.3.3.1 Tsetse-fly and Malaria: Exodus
2.3.3.2 Rinderpest
2.3.3.3 Drought and Crop-Failure: Famine

3 PRE- AND POST-COLONIAL LIBERATION PROCESSES: II

3.1 North and South of the uThukela River

3.1.1 Amalgamation and Establishment of Territorial Integrity

3.1.1.1 Zwide kaLanga wakwaNdwandwe and Dingiswayo kaJobe wakwaMthethwa (1810-1819)

3.1.1.2 Shaka kaSenzangakhona wakwaZulu (1818-1828) and Mzilikazi kaMashobana wakwaKhumalo

3.1.1.3 Matiwane wakaNgwane and Langalibalele kaMthimkhulu waseMaHlutshini (1818-188)

3.1.2 Diplomacy, Defence and Survival Strategies

3.2.1.1 Dingane kaSenzangakhona wakwaZulu (1828-1840), the Hlomendlini Units and the British-, Boer-, and Portuguese-Challenge

3.2.1.2 Ndlela kaSompisi wakwaNtuli and Zihlandlo
wakwaMkhize oThukela (1840)

3.1.2.3 Klwana kaNgqengelele wakwaButhelezi and Maphitha kaSojiyisa wakwaMandlakazi (1838)

3.1.2.4 Cetshwayo kaMpande wakwaZulu (1872-1884) and Makhosana kaMbonde wakwaZungu

3.1.3 Resistance and Revolt

3.1.3.1 Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo wakwaZulu (1884-1913) and Bhambatha kaMancinza eMvoti (1906)

3.1.3.2 Mnyamana kaNgqengelele wakwaButhelezi (1879) and Sikhobobo wakwaSibiya (1902)

3.1.3.3 Langalibalele kaMthimkhulu waseMaHlutshini (1873)

3.1.4 Appeasement and Transformation

3.1.4.1 Mnkabayi kaJama wakwaZulu/eBaQulusini (1818) and Mfanawendlela wakwaZungu eMahlabathini
3.1.4.2 Mpande kaSenzangakhona wakwaZulu (1840-1872) and Matiwane wakaNgwane

3.1.5 Stabilisation Through Sharing of Power and Opportunities

3.1.5.1 Mpande kaSenzangakhona wakwaZulu (1840-1872)
3.1.5.2 Mnkabayi kaJama wakwaZulu/eBaQulusini (1818-)

3.2 Between the Limpopo and the uPhongolo Rivers

3.3 Between the uMzimkhulu River and the (nowadays) Algoa Bay

3.4 North and South of the Caledon and Orange Rivers

3.5 In and Around the Cape Peninsular

3 CONCLUSION

3.1 Biographical and Phenomenological Approaches Today and Then
3.2 `Great men, great deeds?´
3.3 Ideological Patterns and Their Premisses
3.4 Rediscovering Hitherto Suppressed Worlds

L I T E R A T U R E

C. de B. WEBB and John B. WRIGHT (eds. and transl.) (1976- ):
The James Stuart Archive of recorded oral evidence relating to the history of the Zulu and neighbouring peoples. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press; Durban: Killie Campbell Africana Library.

Andrew DUMINY and Bill GUEST (Ed.) (1989):
Natal and Zululand from Earliest Times to 1910. A new history, Pietermaritzburg ISBN 0 86980 695 5

E.H. BROOKES and C. de B. WEBB (1965):
A History of Natal University of Natal Press.

D.R. MORRIS (1966):
The Washing of the Spears: a History of the Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation (British edition: London, Jonathan Cape. ISBN 22 610589

C.T. BINNS (1963):
The Last Zulu King: the Life and Death of Cetshwayo. London.

M. WILSON and L.M. THOMPSON (Ed.) (1969/1971):
The Oxford History of South Africa, 2 vols. Oxford.

Jeff GUY (1979):
The destruction of the Zulu Kingdom (London, Longman) ISBN 0 86975 128 X

Colin McEVEDY (1980):
The Penguin Atlas of AFRICAN HISTORY, London.

Nicholas COPE (1993):
To Bind The Nation. Solomon kaDinuzulu and Zulu Nationalism 1913-1933. Pietermaritzburg. ISBN 0-86980-888-5

Shula MARKS and Richard RATHBONE (eds.) (1982):
Industrialisation and social change in South Africa: African class formation, culture and consciousness, 1870-1930. London. Longman.

Shula MARKS (1986):
`Patriotism, patriarchy and purity: Natal and the politics of Zulu ethnic consciousness´. African Studies Institute seminar paper. University of the Witwatersrand.

Harold WOLPE (1972):
Capitalism and cheap labour-power in South Africa: from segregation to apartheid. Economy and Society.

T. KARIS and G.M. CARTER (eds.) (1973):
`From protest to challenge: a documentary history of African politics in South Africa, 1882-1964´, vols. 1, 4. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.

Helen BRADFORD (1984):
`Lynch law and labourers: the ICU in Umvoti, 1927-1928´. Paper presented at the Workshop on Class, Community and Conflict: Local Perspectives. University of the Witwatersrand.

D. BUYS (1980):
`The negotiations between the Colony of Natal and the Colonial Office leading to the passing of the Annexation of Zululand Act (number 37) of 1897, 1894-1896´, BA Hons., University of Natal, Durban.

H. JEEVES (1982):
`Migrant labour in the political economy of the mines: the Native Recruiting Corporation and its rivals, 1903-1919´. Paper presented at the Conference on South Africa and the West, University of Natal, Durban.

John LABAND (1980):
`Dick Addison: the role of a British official during the disturbances in the Ndwandwe district of Zululand, 1887-1889´. MA, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1980.

S.M.M. LEKHELA (1955):
`An historical survey of native land settlement in South Africa from 1902 to the passing of the Natives’ Trust and Land Act 1936´. MA, University of South Africa.

L. SWART (1968):
`The work of Harriette Emily Colenso in relationship to Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo culminating in the treason trial of 1908-9´. MA, University of Natal, Durban.

Research Unit on Liberation Processes in Pre- and Post-Colonial Southern Africa (RULPSA)
www.benkhumalo-seegelken.de 1996-11-30